United States Tax Court
ROBERT B. LUCAS , Petitioner v .
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent ————— Docket N o. 2808- 20 . Filed January 17, 2023.
————— Robert B. Lucas , pro se .
Clint T. Hale and Jeffrey L. Heinkel , for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
URDA, Judge : Petitioner, Robert B. Lucas, challenges the
Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) determination of a federal income tax deficiency of $4,89 9 for his 2017 tax year. The parties dispute the proper treatment of a distribution Mr. Lucas received from a qualified retirement plan in 2017 and the applicability of section 72(t) (1),1 which provides for additional tax on premature distributions from qualified retirement plan s . We will uphold the Commissioner’s determinations . FINDING S OF FACT This case was tried in September 2021 at our San Diego, California , remote trial session (via Zoomgov). We draw the following [*2] facts from the testimony and other evidence admitted at trial, as well as the parties’ pleadings. Mr. Lucas lived in California when he timely filed his petition.
In 2017 Mr. Lucas w orked as a software developer at Life Cycle Engineering where he had been employed for approximately four years. He provided financial support to his children, paying for his daughter’s nursing education at San Diego State University and provid ing housing for his son.
Mr. Lucas began to experience financial problems when he lost his job in 2017. To make ends meet, he obtained a distribution of $19,365 during that year from a section 401(k) plan account administered by Matrix Trust Co . (Matrix) . He had not reached 59 1/2 years old at the time , and Matrix accordingly reported this amount as an early distribution with no known exception on Form 1099- R, Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit - Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc .2
For his part, Mr. Lucas reported the distribution o n his 2017 federal income tax return but did not include it in his taxable income . Mr. Lucas ha d been diagnosed with diabetes in 2015, which he had (effectively) treated with insulin shots and other medications. H is return reflected his understanding that the distribution did not constitute income because of his medical condition.
T he IRS subsequently issued Mr. Lucas a notice of def iciency for his 2017 tax year . The notice determined a deficiency of $ 4,899 based on the inclusion of the retirement plan distribution in his 2017 gross income and the ten-percent additional tax imposed by section 72(t). OPINION I. Burden of Proof The IR S’s determinations in a notice of deficiency are generally presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving those determinations erroneous. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering , 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). In cases involving failure to report income, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to which an appeal in this case [*3] would ordinarily lie, see I.R.C. § 7482(b)(1)(A), has held that the Commissioner must establish “some evidentiar y foundation” linking the taxpayer to an alleged income- producing activity before the presumption of correctness attaches to the deficiency determination, Weimerskirch v. Commissioner, 596 F.2d 358, 361– 62 (9th Cir. 1979), rev’g 67 T.C. 672 (1977). Once t he Commissioner has established such a foundation, the burden of proof shifts to the taxpayer to prove that he is entitled to an exclusion from gross income. See Simpson v. Commissioner, 141 T.C. 331, 338– 39 (2013), aff’d , 668 F. App’x 241 (9th Cir. 2016) .
Mr. Lucas concedes that he received the distribution in question, and the Commissioner thus has satisfied his initial burden. Mr. Lucas bears the burden of proving that he is entitled to an exclusion from gross income.
II. Treatment of Distribution
Gross income includes all income from whatever source derived except as otherwise provided. I.R.C. § 61(a). This definition includes distributions from employees’ trusts. See I.R.C. §§ 61( b ), 72(a)(1), 402(a), ( b ) (2); see also Darby v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 51, 58 (1991) . One type of employees’ trust is commonly referred to as a “401(k) plan,” a qualified cash or deferred arrangement established for the benefit of employees who meet certain criteria. See I.R.C. § 401(k); Weaver- Adams v . Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2014-73, at *4 – 5.
Mr. Lucas admittedly received a distribution from his 401(k) plan account in 2017. He nonetheless asserts in this Court that this distribution should be excluded from his gross income because of his diabetes . In support of this contention Mr. Lucas relies on a website that ( in his view ) speaks to these matters .
As an initial matter, th e website Mr. Lucas relie s on address es the applicability of the early withdrawal penalty in cases of disability, which is a distinct subject from whether the distribution counts as income for those suffering from disability . More significantly, th e website does not constitute legal authority, and nothing in the Internal Revenue Code, Treasury Regulations, or relevant caselaw support s Mr. Lucas’s interpretation . T he retirement distribution income accordingly must be included in his 2017 gross income. See I.R.C. §§ 61(a), 402(a) .
[*4] III. Section 72( t) Additional Tax “ Distributions from a qualified retirement account (which includes a 401(k) account) to a taxpayer under 59½ years of age at the time of the distribution are subject to a 10% additional tax unless an exception applies.” Robertson v. Commissioner , T.C. Memo. 2014- 143, at *5 ; see also I.R.C. §§ 72(t), 401(k), 4974(c). Section 72(t)(2) (A)(iii) provides one such exception for a distribution “ attributable to the employee’ s being disabled within the meaning of subsection (m)(7 ) . ”3 A taxpayer is considered disabled if, at the time of the disbursement, he is “unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or to b e of long-continued and indefinite duration.” I.R.C. § 72(m)(7); see also Kopty v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007- 343 , 2007 WL 4142754, at *12 – 13, aff’d , 313 F. App’x 333 (D.C. Cir. 200 9 ) ; Treas. Reg. § 1.72-17A(f)(1).
For these purposes, substantial gainful activity refers to “ the activity, or a comparable activity, in which the individual customarily engaged prior to the arising of the disability .” Treas. Reg. § 1.72-17A(f)(1). T he determin ation whether an impairment makes one unable to engage in substantial gainful activity depends on all the facts of the case, focusing primarily on the nature and severity of his impairment , as well as factors such as the individual ’ s education, training, and work experience. See id. subparas. (1) and (2). “An individual will not be deemed disabled if, with reasonable effort and safety to himself, the impairment can be diminished to the extent that the individual will not be prevented by the impairment from engaging in his customary or any comparable s ubstantial gainful activity.” Id. subpara. (4). Mr. Lucas’ diabetes did not render him “unable to engage in any substantial gainful activity” within the meaning of section 72(m)(7) and its accompanying regulations. Although Treasury Regulation § 1.72-17A(f)(2) identifies diabetes as an impairment that “ would ordinarily be considered as preventing substantial gainful activity, ” it clarifies that “ [ a ] ny impairment, whether of lesser or greater severity, must be [*5] evaluated in terms of whether it does in fact prevent the individual from engaging in his customary or any comparable substantial gainful activity .” Treas. Reg. § 1.72-17A(f)(2) (flush language) . Mr. Lucas was diagnosed with diabetes in 2015 but was able to work as a software engineer for two years , including the year that he received the distribution from his 401(k) plan account , effectively treating his diabetes with a mix of insulin shots and other medications. The record before us contains no indication that Mr. Lucas’s diabetes prevent ed him “from engaging in his customary or any comparable substantial gainful activity” at the time of the distribution, and we conclude that his condition did “ not constitute a disability within the meaning of section 72(m)(7). ” See Treas. Reg. § 1.72-17A(f)(4). The distribution in this case accordingly does not qualify for the exception to the early withdrawal penalty set forth in section 72(t)(2)(A)(iii).
IV. Conclusion
We conclude that Mr. Lucas’s 401(k) plan account distribution is taxable and subject to the ten-percent additional tax imposed by section 72(t)(1). The IRS’s deficiency determination is sustained. To reflect the foregoing, Decision will be entered for respondent .