Footnotes

¹ Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income taxes for 1989 and 1990 in the respective amounts of

² the issues for decision are: (1) Whether the distribution received by petitioners from an individual retirement account (IRA) with Fidelity Magellan Fund (Fidelity) in 1990 in the amount of $16,831.81 is taxable; (2) whether petitioners are entitled to an adjustment to income in the amount of $1,614.91 attributable to petitioners' IRA distribution from Fidelity in 1990; (3) whether petitioners failed to report a distribution from the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) in 1990 in the amount of $464; (4) whether petitioners failed to report a distribution from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (DOA) National Finance Center in 1990 of $580; (5) whether petitioners are liable for a penalty pursuant to section 72 for premature distributions in the aggregate amount of $17,875.81 in 1990; (6) whether petitioners are entitled to rental expense deductions for 1989 and 1990 in

³ We find that petitioner failed to report taxable income in the amount of $580 from DOA. Respondent is sustained on this issue. Issue 5. Penalty for Premature Distribution Respondent determined that petitioners were liable for a 10percent penalty in the amount of $1,787.58 under section 72(t) on premature distributions of $16,831.81, $464, and $580 from qualified plans. Petitioners dispute this determination. Section 72(t) provides for a 10-percent additional tax on distributions from qualified plans, unless the distributions come within one of the statutory exceptions. Sec. 72(t)(1) and (2). The exceptions include certain distributions: (1) Made on or after the date on which an employee attains the age of 59-1/2; (2) made to an employee after separation from service and the attainment of age 55; (3) to a beneficiary on or after the death of an employee; (4) attributable to an employee's disability; and (5) to an employee to the extent they do not exceed certain deductible medical expenses. Sec. 72(t)(2)(A) and (B).

⁴ The California Property: 1989 Per Original Per Amended Allowed by Still in Item Return Return Respondent Dispute Advertising -0- $60.06 -0- $60.06 Cleaning/maint. $366.37 863.13 258.40 604.73 Commissions 6,600.00 -0- -0- -0Insurance -0- 239.00 -0- 239.00 Legal & prof. 1,785.04 615.16 -0- 615.16 Mortg. interest 3,558.53 3,558.53 3,420.45 138.08 Repairs -0- 138.40 -0- 138.40 Taxes 424.00 424.00 509.04 (85.04) Utilities 107.97 310.05 107.97 202.08 Termite control 265.00 -0- -0- -0Home shield 450.00 -0- -0- -0Prop. mgt. 400.00 -0- -0- -0Federal Express 14.00 -0- -0- -0Miscellaneous -0- 14.00 -0- 14.00 Pool service -0- 629.50 -0- 629.50

⁵ Furthermore, we generally will not look behind a notice of deficiency to examine it for the motives or methods which were used by the Commissioner in arriving at the deficiency determination. Greenberg's Express, Inc. v. Commissioner , 62 T.C. 324 (1974); Senter v. Commissioner , T.C. Memo. 1995-311. Petitioner has not made any showing that information concerning the method by which respondent selected and examined petitioner's returns for 1988 and 1989 is relevant to the subject matter of this case, or is calculated to lead to discovery of admissible evidence. To reflect the foregoing, An appropriate order denying petitioners' motion for discovery will be issued, and decision will be entered under Rule 155 .

⁶ withholding took place. Second, it is more likely than not that the difference between the amount distributed by CSRS and the amount later withdrawn by petitioner represents a combination of the 3-percent commission charged by Fidelity for establishing the account and a decline in the fair market value of the stock purchased with the IRA funds. Accordingly, respondent is sustained on this issue. Issue 2. Adjustment to Income On their 1990 Federal income tax return, petitioners claimed an adjustment to income for a penalty on early withdrawal of savings in the amount of $1,614.91. Petitioner argues that this amount, representing the difference between the amount deposited in his Fidelity IRA and the amount later withdrawn, was tax withheld by Fidelity. Petitioner confuses three separate and distinct concepts: (1) The tax due on a lump-sum distribution from a qualified benefit plan under section 402(a); (2) a penalty imposed by banks on early withdrawal of savings from time savings accounts, certificates of deposits, and similar classes of deposits, and deductible under section 62(a)(9); and (3) a penalty imposed by section 72(t) on premature distributions. Petitioner appears to argue that the $1,614.91 simultaneously represents all of the above. Petitioner presented no evidence that Fidelity imposed a penalty for premature withdrawal of savings, and it is not the responsibility of financial institutions to impose and collect

⁷ the tax imposed under section 402(a) or the penalty imposed under section 72(t). As stated above, the amount simply represents a commission charged by Fidelity and a decline in the market value of the IRA stock. Consequently, petitioners are not entitled to an adjustment to income in the amount of $1,614.91. Issue 3. CSRS Distribution Prior to trial, petitioner stipulated that he received $464 from CSRS in 1990 and that he failed to report this distribution as taxable income. At trial, petitioner attempted to withdraw this stipulation and argued that he did not receive $464 but, instead, received $104.95 of nontaxable income. In support of his position, petitioner presented a statement from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) stating that petitioner's application for refund of retirement deductions had been approved, and that a check for $104.95 would be issued. The statement indicated that the refund, consisting entirely of funds petitioner had put into the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund, was nontaxable. Respondent does not dispute that the $104.95 is exempt from tax. An Examination/Information Return Master File Transcript For Tax Year 1990 (the transcript), which lists payee entities, payer entities, information forms received (e.g., Form 1099), and types and amounts of income, indicates that petitioner received a gross distribution of $464 of taxable income from CSRS during 1990. Although respondent did not present the Form 1099-R in question, the absence of that document appears due to the fact

⁸ that petitioner conceded this issue up until the day of trial, and then sought to withdraw his concession. The determinations of respondent are presumed to be correct, and petitioners bear the burden of proving otherwise. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering , 290 U.S. 111 (1933). All taxpayers are required to keep sufficient records to enable the Commissioner to determine their correct tax liability. Sec. 6001; Meneguzzo v. Commissioner , 43 T.C. 824, 831-832 (1965). Petitioners offered no evidence to show that respondent's determination was incorrect. We conclude that petitioner failed to report taxable income from CSRS in the amount of $464. Respondent is sustained on this issue. Issue 4. DOA Distribution Prior to trial, petitioner stipulated that he received and failed to report $580 of taxable income from DOA. At trial, petitioner attempted to withdraw his stipulation and argued that the $580 represents moneys borrowed from DOA which he repaid through payroll deductions. In support of his argument, petitioner presented an Earnings, Leave and Benefit Statement issued on July 12, 1990, by DOA, indicating that $79.10 had been withheld from his wages during 1990 for repayment of a thrift savings plan loan. Petitioner offered no documentation to prove that the $580 reported by DOA to the Internal Revenue Service as taxable income

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¹⁰ Petitioner does not argue that he falls within the scope of any of the above exceptions. With respect to the distribution of $16,831.81, however, petitioner argues that Fidelity withheld the 10-percent penalty prior to distributing the balance of the account to him. As noted above, petitioner confuses the penalty for premature distribution with the penalty for early withdrawal and the tax imposed on a distribution by section 402(a). The distribution of $16,831.81 stems from a lump sum distribution from a qualified plan and a tax-free rollover into a qualified IRA. Because the distribution does not fall within the scope of any of the exceptions under section 72(t), petitioner is liable for the penalty imposed thereunder. The transcript identified above indicates that the payments of $464 and $580 were reported to the Internal Revenue Service by the payers on Forms 1099-R. Petitioner stipulated that he received these payments from qualified plans. Thus, we conclude that the payments of $464 and $580 were received by petitioner from qualified plans. Consequently, petitioner is liable for the penalty imposed by section 72(t) on the premature distributions in the aggregate amount of $17,875.81. Issue 6. Rental Expenses In 1985, petitioners purchased 24583 Sunny Ridge Drive, Moreno Valley, California (the California property) and rented the property through Inland Property Management Co. (Inland). On February 1, 1989, petitioners sold the California property. On

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¹² Depreciation 14,969.00 296.00 296.00 Total 28,939.91 7,147.83 4,591.86 2,555.97 The Charleston Property: 1989 Per Original Per Amended Allowed by Still in Item Return Return Respondent Dispute Advertising $55.00 $55.44 $55.00 -0Auto expense 3,327.07 5,854.92 5,854.92 -0Insurance 239.00 155.00 239.00 (84) Legal & prof. 1,078.04 2,043.21 2,043.21 -0Mortg. interest 5,857.21 5,857.21 5,857.21 -0Repairs 2,782.94 7,084.75 7,084.75 -0Taxes 200.00 214.03 214.03 -0Utilities 2,461.25 4,188.37 4,188.37 -0Wages & salaries -0- 216.00 215.00 1 Miscellaneous 748.23 9,821.24 6,931.24 890 Depreciation 2,248.00 2,889.00 2,889.00 Total 18,996.74 38,379.17 35,571.73

⁸⁰⁷ The Charleston Property: 1990 Per Original Per Amended Allowed by Still in Item Return Return Respondent Dispute Advertising -0- $51.54 $26.84 $24.70 Auto expense $2,507.67 5,503.09 2,690.69 2,812.40 Insurance 155.00 155.00 155.00 -0Legal & prof. 432.00 2,635.05 2,635.05 -0Mortg. interest 6,503.89 6,503.89 6,503.89 -0Repairs 4,112.10 5,487.10 5,487.10 -0Taxes 220.00 435.43 435.43 -0Utilities 3,837.35 5,503.09 5,503.09 -0Telephone 587.75 -0- 1,342.33 (1,342.33) Miscellaneous -0- 8,331.42 -0- 8,331.42 Meals -0- -0- 662.73 (662.73) Depreciation 2,248.00 2,889.00 2,889.00 Total 20,603.76 37,494.61 28,331.15 9,163.46 Section 62(a)(4) allows the deduction of expenses attributable to property held for the production of rents or royalties. Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the

¹³ taxpayer bears the burden of proving that he or she is entitled to any deduction claimed. Rule 142(a); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering , 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). This includes the burden of substantiation. Hradesky v. Commissioner , 65 T.C. 87, 90 (1975), affd. per curiam 540 F.2d 821 (5th Cir. 1976). In support of the items remaining in dispute with respect to the California property, petitioner introduced an invoice titled "Trial Balance". The invoice, dated January 27, 1989, and created for petitioner by Inland, lists income and expenses attributable to the California property. Petitioner testified that several of the items on the invoice are incorrect, and based on the lack of available receipts or other supporting documents, we are unable to determine whether the expenses were actually paid, and, if so, in which year (1988 or 1989). With respect to the Charleston property, petitioner offered no receipts, travel logs, or other documentation to substantiate the items still in dispute, other than handwritten schedules and lists of expenses prepared for trial. Despite the fact that petitioners filed amended returns as late as May 1994, 1 month before trial, they were unable to provide any credible evidence to support the deductions claimed. Furthermore, several of the items in dispute, if in fact purchased, would be in the nature of improvements with an expected life greater than 1 year, and the costs associated therewith must be capitalized and depreciated pursuant to statutorily prescribed limits. The testimony of

¹⁴ petitioner regarding all of the expenses in dispute was for the most part general, vague, conclusory, uncorroborated, and questionable. Under these circumstances, we are not required to, and we do not, accept such testimony to support the positions of petitioners herein. Lerch v. Commissioner , 877 F.2d 624, 631-632 (7th Cir. 1989), affg. T.C. Memo. 1987-295; Geiger v. Commissioner , 440 F.2d 688, 689-690 (9th Cir. 1971), affg. per curiam T.C. Memo. 1969-159. The determination of respondent is sustained as to rental expenses claimed in 1989 and 1990. Issue 7. Capital Gain Petitioners sold the California property on February 1, 1989, for $110,000. With their original 1989 Federal income tax return, petitioners filed a Form 2119 with the following information: Selling price of home $110,000.00 Expense of sale 9,514.04 Amount realized 100,485.96 Basis of home sold 107,037.40 Gain on sale (6,551.44) In response to the query "If you haven't replaced your home, do you plan to do so within the replacement period?" petitioners answered in the affirmative. In the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that petitioners miscalculated the gain on the sale of the California property. Respondent's computation is as follows: Selling price of home $110,000 Expense of sale 9,514 Amount realized $100,486

¹⁵ Cost 116,096 Less depreciation 36,536 Adjusted basis 79,560 Gain on sale 20,926 Capital loss carryover (from 1987) 3,100 Taxable gain 17,826 After the notice of deficiency was issued, petitioners filed an amended return for 1989 with an amended Form 2119, wherein they recomputed their gain on the sale of the California property as follows: Selling price of home $110,000 Expense of sale 9,514 Amount realized 100,486 Basis of home sold 84,341 Gain on sale 16,145 Petitioners also reported that they had not replaced their home and did not plan to do so within the replacement period. At trial, petitioner presented a more detailed calculation of the gain realized, indicating that the difference between the gain determined by respondent and that calculated by petitioners results from (1) a difference of $549.09 in the original cost of the property, (2) a difference of $1,212.75 in the depreciation of the property, and (3) an alleged loan of $4,700 that petitioner subtracted from the selling price to arrive at the amount realized. Petitioner provided no evidence to explain the discrepancies in cost or depreciation, other than his own testimony that he claimed excess depreciation intentionally. With respect to the "loan" of $4,700, petitioner testified that he borrowed the money

¹⁶ from Brenda Summers, a friend of the family. He presented no loan documents or credible proof of repayment. Accordingly, petitioners have failed to prove that respondent's determination regarding the gain realized is incorrect. In the alternative, petitioner argues that the gain realized on the sale of the California property should not be recognized in 1989 pursuant to section 1034. Respondent contends that petitioners are not entitled to deferral because the California property was rented out beginning in 1985, which was more than 3 years prior to the date on which the property was sold. Generally, sections 1001 and 61 require a taxpayer to recognize in the year of the sale gain realized on the sale of property. Section 1034, however, allows a taxpayer, in certain circumstances, to defer recognition of gain realized on the sale of the taxpayer's principal residence. Under section 1034, if the taxpayer purchases a new principal residence within the replacement period, the taxpayer will recognize gain on the sale only to the extent that the taxpayer's adjusted sale price of the old residence exceeds the taxpayer's cost of purchasing the new residence. Sec. 1034(a). As noted above, petitioner presented a statement at trial which explains the process he used to arrive at the gain realized on the California property. In particular, he calculated a total of $35,320 in depreciation as follows:

¹⁷ Year Amount of Depreciation 1985 $2,906 1986 13,374 1987 12,225 1988 6,364 1989 451 Total 35,320

¹⁸ as the Charleston property; however, the Form 4562, Depreciation and Amortization, attached to their return, listed the Charleston property as being used 100 percent for rental purposes. On the Form W-2, DOA lists petitioners' residence as the Star City address. Even assuming, arguendo, that for purposes of section 1034 petitioners' old residence was the California property and their new residence was the Charleston property, petitioners would not qualify for a deferral under section 1034. Petitioner testified that he sold the California property on February 1, 1989, and purchased the Charleston property on March 31, 1983. Consequently, petitioners would not be permitted to defer the gain because they did not purchase the Charleston property within 2 years before or after the date on which they sold the California property. The time requirement of section 1034(a) must be strictly complied with. Bayley v. Commissioner , 35 T.C. 288 (1960). If the Morgantown property was petitioners' new residence, petitioners are also not entitled to deferral under section 1034 because they offered no evidence regarding the date the Morgantown property was purchased or how much they paid. Respondent is sustained on this issue. Issue 8. Addition to Tax The final issue for decision is whether petitioners are liable for an accuracy-related penalty for the taxable year 1990. Section 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes an accuracy-related penalty

¹⁹ equal to 20 percent of the portion of any underpayment of tax that is due to negligence. Under section 6662(c), negligence is any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the Code. Based on petitioners' amended returns filed after the notice of deficiency was issued and immediately before trial, wherein they adjusted the amount of nearly every item of expense claimed on their original returns, and based on petitioners' failure to provide credible substantiation or authority for any of the items at issue in this case, we find that petitioners are liable for the penalty under section 6662(b)(1) for 1990. Respondent is sustained on this issue. At trial, petitioner made an oral motion for discovery requesting copies of the revenue agent's workpapers resulting from the administrative examination of his 1988 and 1989 Federal income tax returns. Petitioner also sought an explanation as to why his returns were selected for examination. Under Rule 70(b)(1), information sought through discovery may concern any matter not privileged and which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending case. However, discovery "shall be completed, unless otherwise authorized by the Court, no later than 45 days prior to the date set for call of the case from a trial calendar." Rule 70(a)(2). This case was first called for trial on May 12, 1994. Petitioner did not move for discovery until the case was recalled for trial at a special session held

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